Cauliflower mosaic virus definition

Cauliflower mosaic virus has been negatively impactful worldwide. Breakouts of disease can be devastating to agriculture and national economies. Studying and researching this virus could prevent disease and possibly stop the next potato famine of the cauliflower plant.

Cauliflower Mosaic Virus possesses a highly sought after efficient promoter for gene transcription that can be used in an effort to produce transgenic plants [16]. Transgenic plants are used in order to receive benefits such as producing better yield, quality as well as resistance to insects, diseases and herbicides [11]. Cauliflower Mosaic Virus is classified as an icosahedral 20 sided virus.

This is because of the icosahedral shape of the capsid that surrounds the viral genome. This shape gives the virus 20 symmetrical triangular faces Fig, 1. This symmetry allows for synthesis efficiency by having the same small number of proteins being produced from a small number genes and from short chromosome sequences.

This allows the largest and most complex capsid to be formed from the least amount of resources making it more efficient than a non-symmetrical capsid [16]. In addition to capsid proteins, caulimoviruses are also surrounded by virus associated proteins [5]. These proteins are responsible for assisting in the binding of the virus to DNA on its c-terminal end [6]. The efficiency of the icosahedral structure allows it so that the genome of CaMV does not even need to encode for more than 7 genes that already have close similarities.

Genes differentiate by where their start codons are so that they have different reading frames [16]. The virion that is encapsulated in the capsid structure is made up of around 8, base pairs.

This double stranded DNA has an open and circular shape Fig. Also, these strands contain nicks that come from reverse transcription. These nicks are only repaired once these DNA strands enter the host when they form supercoiled molecules responsible for binding to proteins [14].

Cauliflower mosaic virus is well known for its strong constitutive 35S promoter. This promoter runs transcription for the entire cauliflower mosaic virus genome. It is because of its efficiency, it is commonly used for studying transgenic plants in relation to gene transfer vectors. The nucleotide leader sequence of the 35S promoter consists of 8 open reading frames that each possess different functions [15]. There are 6 major coding regions and 2 minor coding regions.

Open reading frame I functions to produce movement proteins to assist progeny viruses to pass through plasmodesmata into uninfected cells [7]. Open reading frame II produces aphid transmission factors which is required for the transmission of the virus from the aphid to the plant [8]. Open reading frame III, which previously had no assigned function and is a minor coding region, is believed to promote DNA binding as well as produce structural proteins.

ORF IV is responsible for the production of capsid proteins that surround and protect viral genomes. ORF V produces proteins that have proteinases as well as participates in the reverse transcriptase process [8]. Open reading frame VI produces trans activator proteins that promote formation of inclusion bodies.

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GM Crops Food 3, — Diseases associated with this family include: liver infections, such as hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinomas, and cirrhosis. It is the sole family in the order Blubervirales. Like other herpesviruses, its informal names are used interchangeably with its formal ICTV name. It is one of seven currently known human cancer viruses, or oncoviruses. Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host.

Plant viruses can be pathogenic to higher plants. Geminiviridae is a family of plant viruses that encode their genetic information on a circular genome of single-stranded ss DNA. There are species in this family, assigned to 14 genera. Diseases associated with this family include: bright yellow mosaic, yellow mosaic, yellow mottle, leaf curling, stunting, streaks, reduced yields.

They have single-stranded circular DNA genomes encoding genes that diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication. According to the Baltimore classification they are considered class II viruses.

It is the largest known family of single stranded DNA viruses. Tombusviridae is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. There are three subfamilies, 17 genera, and 95 species in this family. The genome and proteins of HIV have been the subject of extensive research since the discovery of the virus in The discovery of the virus itself occurred two years following the report of the first major cases of AIDS-associated illnesses.

Ribosome shunting is a mechanism of translation initiation in which ribosomes bypass, or "shunt over", parts of the 5' untranslated region to reach the start codon.

However, a benefit of ribosomal shunting is that it can translate backwards allowing more information to be stored than usual in an mRNA molecule. Some viral RNAs have been shown to use ribosome shunting as a more efficient form of translation during certain stages of viral life cycle or when translation initiation factors are scarce. Some viruses known to use this mechanism include adenovirus, Sendai virus, human papillomavirus, duck hepatitis B pararetrovirus, rice tungro bacilliform viruses, and cauliflower mosaic virus.

In these viruses the ribosome is directly translocated from the upstream initiation complex to the start codon AUG without the need to unwind RNA secondary structures. By organizing viruses based on their manner of mRNA production, it is possible to study viruses that behave similarly as a distinct group. Seven Baltimore groups are described that take into consideration whether the viral genome is made of deoxyribonucleic acid DNA or ribonucleic acid RNA , whether the genome is single- or double-stranded, and whether the sense of a single-stranded RNA genome is positive or negative.

Potyvirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Potyviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. The genus is named after member virus pot ato virus Y. Potyviruses account for about thirty percent of the currently known plant viruses.

Like begomoviruses, members of this genus may cause significant losses in agricultural, pastoral, horticultural, and ornamental crops. More than species of aphids spread potyviruses, and most are from the subfamily Aphidinae. The genus contains species. A viroplasm , sometimes called " virus factory " or " virus inclusion ", is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and assembly occurs. They may be thought of as viral factories in the cell.

There are many viroplasms in one infected cell, where they appear dense to electron microscopy. Very little is understood about the mechanism of viroplasm formation. In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly of a strand of DNA or RNA, refers to the nature of the roles of the strand and its complement in specifying a sequence of amino acids. Depending on the context, sense may have slightly different meanings.