Arthritis review pdf

Kinslow, J. Elevated IgA plasmablast levels in subjects at risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. Shi, J. Anti-carbamylated protein anti-CarP antibodies precede the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Bohler, C. Serological changes in the course of traditional and biological disease modifying therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. Klarenbeek, P. Inflamed target tissue provides a specific niche for highly expanded T-cell clones in early human autoimmune disease.

Ai, R. DNA methylome signature in synoviocytes from patients with early rheumatoid arthritis compared to synoviocytes from patients with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis. Castor, C. The microscopic structure of normal human synovial tissue.

McInnes, I. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Bartok, B. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes: key effector cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Stanczyk, J. Altered expression of MicroRNA in synovial fibroblasts and synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis. Philippe, L. Lefevre, S. Synovial fibroblasts spread rheumatoid arthritis to unaffected joints.

Ziff, M. Relation of cellular infiltration of rheumatoid synovial membrane to its immune response. Humby, F. Ectopic lymphoid structures support ongoing production of class-switched autoantibodies in rheumatoid synovium. PLOS Med. Randen, I. Clonally related IgM rheumatoid factors undergo affinity maturation in the rheumatoid synovial tissue.

Catrina, A. Lungs, joints and immunity against citrullinated proteins in rheumatoid arthritis. Orr, C. Synovial tissue research: a state-of-the-art review. Rheumatol 13 , — Kiener, H. Cadherin 11 promotes invasive behavior of fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Keyszer, G. Differential expression of cathepsins B and L compared with matrix metalloproteinases and their respective inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: a parallel investigation by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.

Bottini, N. Duality of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in RA: passive responders and imprinted aggressors. Muller-Ladner, U. Synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis attach to and invade normal human cartilage when engrafted into SCID mice. Tak, P. Rheumatoid arthritis and p how oxidative stress might alter the course of inflammatory diseases. Today 21 , 78—82 Joint-specific DNA methylation and transcriptome signatures in rheumatoid arthritis identify distinct pathogenic processes.

Schett, G. Bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment. Redlich, K. Inflammatory bone loss: pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Drug Discov. Harre, U. Induction of osteoclastogenesis and bone loss by human autoantibodies against citrullinated vimentin.

Krishnamurthy, A. Identification of a novel chemokine-dependent molecular mechanism underlying rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibody-mediated bone loss. Hayer, S. Tenosynovitis and osteoclast formation as the initial preclinical changes in a murine model of inflammatory arthritis. Nakano, S. Immunoregulatory role of IL in T cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatology 54 , — Behrens, F. Smolen, J. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet , — Genovese, M. Baricitinib in patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Boyle, D. Inhibition of p has the fat lady sung? A phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of 2 dosing regimens of fostamatinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to a tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist.

Firestein, G. The disease formerly known as rheumatoid arthritis. Validity and reliability of the twenty-eight-joint count for the assessment of rheumatoid arthritis activity. Koduri, G. Interstitial lung disease has a poor prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis: results from an inception cohort. Rheumatology 49 , — Bongartz, T.

Incidence and mortality of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Minichiello, E. Time trends in the incidence, prevalence, and severity of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Joint Bone Spine 83 , — Theander, L. Severe extraarticular manifestations in a community-based cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: risk factors and incidence in relation to treatment with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors.

Rheumatol 44 , — Aggarwal, R. Distinctions between diagnostic and classification criteria? Hazlewood, G. Algorithm for identification of undifferentiated peripheral inflammatory arthritis: a multinational collaboration through the 3e initiative.

Kurko, J. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis — a comprehensive review. Joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis progresses in remission according to the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints and is driven by residual swollen joints.

Gormley, G. Can diagnostic triage by general practitioners or rheumatology nurses improve the positive predictive value of referrals to early arthritis clinics?

Rheumatology 42 , — Villeneuve, E. A systematic literature review of strategies promoting early referral and reducing delays in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory arthritis. Predicting arthritis outcomes — what can be learned from the Leiden Early Arthritis Clinic? Rheumatology 50 , 93— A prediction rule for disease outcome in patients with recent-onset undifferentiated arthritis: how to guide individual treatment decisions. Five-year outcomes of probable rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate or placebo during the first year the PROMPT study.

Weinblatt, M. Efficacy of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol 34 Suppl. Visser, K. Optimal dosage and route of administration of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of the literature.

Effect of folic or folinic acid supplementation on the toxicity and efficacy of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: a forty-eight week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. This study changed the approach to methotrexate therapy, showing that folate substitution does not reduce the efficacy but highly improves the tolerability of methotrexate, thus allowing optimal dosing of the drug. Felson, D. American College of Rheumatology preliminary definition of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis.

Validity of single variables and composite indices for measuring disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. This article presents the first definition of a continuous measure for disease activity; its derivative, DAS28, became more widely used because it is less time-consuming to evaluate and further simplifications of composite measures were developed with CDAI and SDAI. A simplified disease activity index for rheumatoid arthritis for use in clinical practice.

A randomized, controlled trial. This is one of the first studies to reveal the importance of the early institution of DMARD therapy and thus the inappropriateness of the pyramid approach, although patients still had relatively long-standing disease. Huizinga, W. Conference summary. Nell, V. Benefit of very early referral and very early therapy with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 43 , — McCarty, D. Suppress rheumatoid inflammation early and leave the pyramid to the Egyptians.

Rheumatol 17 , — Grigor, C. Effect of a treatment strategy of tight control for rheumatoid arthritis the TICORA study : a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Remission and active disease in rheumatoid arthritis: defining criteria for disease activity states.

This paper provides a new definition for remission that is sufficiently stringent to be associated with lack of considerable residual disease activity, functional impairment and progression of damage. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: update of the recommendations of an international task force. This study defines the pathways to optimizing disease control in RA on the basis of available evidence and consensus finding,.

Elliott, M. Randomised double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor alpha cA2 versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. This is the first controlled study showing the efficacy of a biological agent in RA — namely, the anti-TNF antibody infliximab. Maini, R. Therapeutic efficacy of multiple intravenous infusions of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody combined with low-dose weekly methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Mierau, M.

Assessing remission in clinical practice. Rheumatology 46 , — Verstappen, S. Intensive treatment with methotrexate in early rheumatoid arthritis: aiming for remission. Klarenbeek, N. The impact of four dynamic, goal-steered treatment strategies on the 5-year outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis patients in the BeSt study. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: update. Singh, J. Lau, C.

APLAR rheumatoid arthritis treatment recommendations. Estimation of a numerical value for joint damage-related physical disability in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials. Measuring function in rheumatoid arthritis: identifying reversible and irreversible components. Optimisation of a treat-to-target approach in rheumatoid arthritis: strategies for the 3-month time point. Haraoui, B. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: a Canadian physician survey.

Pascual-Ramos, V. Medication persistence over 2 years of follow-up in a cohort of early rheumatoid arthritis patients: associated factors and relationship with disease activity and with disability. Schoenthaler, A. Patient and physician factors associated with adherence to diabetes medications. Diabetes Educ. Kuusalo, L. Solomon, D. Forget personalised medicine and focus on abating disease activity. Van der Heijde, D.

Development of a disease activity score based on judgement in clinical practice by rheumatologists. Rheumatol 20 , — Prevoo, M. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts.

Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Bakker, M. Tight control in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: efficacy and feasibility. The assessment of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Brief Report: Remission rates with tofacitinib treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison of various remission criteria.

Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab and attainment of disease remission in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of acute-phase reactants. Emery, P. IL-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumour necrosis factor biologicals: results from a week multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Schoels, M. Evaluation of newly proposed remission cut-points for disease activity score in 28 joints DAS28 in rheumatoid arthritis patients upon IL-6 pathway inhibition.

Studenic, P. Definition of treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis based on the simplified and the clinical disease activity index. Dorner, T. The changing landscape of biosimilars in rheumatology. Schneider, C. Biosimilars in rheumatology: the wind of change.

Monitoring adverse events of low-dose glucocorticoid therapy: EULAR recommendations for clinical trials and daily practice. Verschueren, P. Methotrexate in combination with other DMARDs is not superior to methotrexate alone for remission induction with moderate-to-high-dose glucocorticoid bridging in early rheumatoid arthritis after 16 weeks of treatment: the CareRA trial.

Nam, J. Remission induction comparing infliximab and high-dose intravenous steroid, followed by treat-to-target: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial in new-onset, treatment-naive, rheumatoid arthritis the IDEA study. This is an important study showing that methotrexate plus glucocorticoids is not inferior to methotrexate plus anti-TNF in early RA, thus refuting the use of biological agents before methotrexate.

LaRochelle, G. Jr, LaRochelle, A. Recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis in patients with rheumatic diseases receiving low-dose prednisone. Pincus, T. Decline of mean initial prednisone dosage from 3 to 3. Glucocorticoid dose thresholds associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Predictors of joint damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with high-dose methotrexate without or with concomitant infliximab.

Kiely, P. Outcome in rheumatoid arthritis patients with continued conventional therapy for moderate disease activity—the early RA network ERAN. Rheumatology 50 , — A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis [abstract].

Arthritis Rheum 40 — Prospective comparative study of patients with culture proven and high suspicion of adult onset septic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 62 — Acute nongonococcal infectious arthritis. Evaluation of risk factors, therapy, and outcome. Arthritis Rheum 23 — Septic arthritis in a general hospital — J Rheumatol 7 — The value of synovial fluid assays in the diagnosis of joint disease: a literature survey.

Coutlakis P J. Another look at synovial fluid leukocytosis and infection. J Clin Rheumatol 8 67— Discriminating ability of serum inflammatory markers. Scand J Infect Dis 30 — Scand J Rheumatol 24 98— Ann Rheum Dis 39 — Synovial fluid lactic acid. A diagnostic aid in septic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 21 — Improved method of isolating bacteria from joint fluids by the use of blood culture bottles.

Ann Rheum Dis 45 — Yagupsky P, Press J. Use of the isolator 1. J Clin Microbiol 35 — Synovial fluid culture and blood culture in acute arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 24 44— Bacterial PCR in the diagnosis of joint infection.

Ann Rheum Dis 60 — Clin Orthop Relat Res — J Nucl Med 38 — MRI findings of septic arthritis and associated osteomyelitis in adults. Am J Roentgenol — Rheumatology Oxford 45 — Lancet Infect Dis 1 — Treatment of septic arthritis: comparison of needle aspiration and surgery as initial modes of joint drainage. Arthritis Rheum 18 83— Richard J C, Vilain R. Acute septic arthritis of the fingers. A clinical study of 87 cases. Ann Chir Main 1 — Septic arthritis of the knee in adults: treatment by arthroscopy or arthrotomy.

Int Orthop 25 — Arthroscopic management of septic arthritis: stages of infection and results. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 8 — Arthroscopic treatment of septic joints: prognostic factors.

Arch Orthop Trauma Surg — Septic arthritis of the knee in adults: treated by arthroscopy or arthrotomy. Intl Orthop 25 — Arthroscopic management of septic arthritis: stages of infection and results Knee Surg, Sports Traumatol, Arthrosc 8 — Acute septic arthritis of the fingers: a clinical study of 87 cases.

Thiery J A. Arthroscopic drainage in septic arthritides of the knee: a multicenter study. Arthroscopy 5 65— Treatment of septic arthritis: comparison of needle aspiration and surgery as initial modes of joint drainage Arthritis and Rheum 18 83— Support Center Support Center. External link. Please review our privacy policy. Studies on infection in other musculoskeletal sites eg, osteomyelitis, tenosynovitis.

High risk of Gram negative sepsis elderly, frail, recurrent UTI, recent abdominal surgery. Discuss allergic patients with microbiology—Gram stain may influence the choice of antibiotic. Vancomycin plus 2nd or 3rd generation cephalosporin.

ITU patients, known colonisation of other organs eg, cystic fibrosis. Vispo Seara et al 35 ,. All patients had arthroscopy, but depending on grade, also had shaving, limited synovectomy, resection of adhesions, or debridement of loose bone and cartilage.

Divided into four groups Gachter score. Number of procedures, Lysholm functional score, extension, flexion and pain. Correlated outcome to presence of premorbid degenerative change, age of patient, and delay from onset to first surgery. Number of procedures was related to organism, but final result was not related to organism. Outcome may be related to several factors. Wirtz et al Both groups drained. Larson score, range of motion total. Correlated with time to treatment.

Statistical analysis limited, and the study is underpowered. Stutz et al , Arthroscopy, irrigation and debridement where necessary, all groups. Divided into three groups. The number of procedures required to eradicate infection is related to the stage of the infection at presentation. Staging may have led to different more interventional operations for higher grades, so more than one variable.

Richard et al Presence or absence of infection Description of functional results. There were 8 arthrodeses Regional infection led to poor results. Conclusions specific to finger surgery.

No detailed statistical analysis. Thiery Goldenberg et al Turn recording back on. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. StatPearls [Internet]. Search term. Affiliations 1 Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Continuing Education Activity Arthritis is defined as an acute or chronic joint inflammation in the joint.

Etiology The etiology of arthritis varies with the type of arthritis. Epidemiology Over one-third of the American population has arthritis on imaging, and this number is bound to increase with the mean population age.

Pathophysiology Osteoarthritis is characterized by a degenerative cascade of progressive cartilage loss which leads to bone damage. History and Physical History and physical examination plays a crucial role in the evaluation of arthritis and determining the type of arthritis, and differentiating symptoms from non-articular etiologies.

Number of involved joints. Evaluation Laboratory and radiographic evaluation can assist in the diagnosis and grading of the severity of an arthritic condition. Differential Diagnosis Arthritis shall be differentiated from non-articular pain, including pain secondary to fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, neuropathy, tendinitis, and complex regional pain syndrome.

Prognosis Osteoarthritis is a progressive disorder with no cure. Deterrence and Patient Education Patient Education is one of the most important aspects of patient management. Pearls and Other Issues Arthritis is a broad and complex topic with many types, subtypes, and variations. Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes Arthritis may be a disease of the joint but it also has systemic repercussions.

Review Questions Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. Comment on this article. Figure Summary keynotes on Rheumatoid Arthritis. Figure Oligoarticular Arthritis in PsA. Figure An X-ray of Arthritis Mutilans of hands. Figure X-ray showing arthritis mutilans of feet. References 1. Acute monoarthritis: what is the cause of my patient's painful swollen joint?

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J Rheumatol. Association of overweight, trauma and workload with coxarthrosis. A health survey of 7, persons. Acta Orthop Scand. Prevalence in the population and relationship between symptoms and x-ray changes. Ann Rheum Dis. Body mass index, obesity, and prevalent gout in the United States in and Arthritis Care Res Hoboken. Roddy E, Doherty M. Epidemiology of gout. Arthritis Res Ther. Arthritis Rheum. Estimates of the prevalence of selected arthritic and musculoskeletal diseases in the United States.

Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease. N Engl J Med. The lifetime risk of adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic diseases. The outcome of bacterial arthritis: a prospective community-based study. Arthritis Rheumatol. Features of the synovium of individuals at risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis: implications for understanding preclinical rheumatoid arthritis.

Mathews CJ, Coakley G. Septic arthritis: current diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. Curr Opin Rheumatol. Generalized osteoarthritis and Heberden's nodes.

Br Med J. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, IgM and IgA rheumatoid factors in the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology Oxford. Imaging for osteoarthritis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. Bacterial arthritis. OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. Estimating the burden of total knee replacement in the United States.

J Bone Joint Surg Am. Effects of glucocorticoids on radiological progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Neogi T. Clinical practice. Goldenberg DL. Septic arthritis. J Arthroplasty. In: StatPearls [Internet]. In this Page. Related information.

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Radiol Clin North Am. Increased matrix metalloproteinase-3 serum levels in rheumatic diseases: relationship with synovitis and steroid treatment. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. Epub Mar 1. Recent Activity. Clear Turn Off Turn On. Support Center Support Center. External link. Please review our privacy policy.